Cessna T-37

The Cessna T-37 was the primary training aircraft in service with the US Air Force for more than fifty years. Nicknamed the 'Tweet', it was a very stable and reliable jet trainer, with two side by side seats. Every US Air Force's pilot flew it during basic training in the Cold War period. The prototype, the XT-37, had performed its first flight on October 12, 1954, entering service in 1957. After several decades, it would be phased out in 2009.

The Cessna T-37 Tweet had been designed in 1952 to meet a USAF requirement for a jet-engine-powered primary trainer. It was a very practical trainer, with a low and wide-tracked landing gear to ease landing and ground handling. The side-by-side seating arrangement made student instruction easier, allowing for close coordination between the instructor and the fledgling during all phases of training. The flight characteristics of this trainer allowed students to solo after as little as six and a half hours of dual instruction. The aircraft's stability enabled it to be safely used for formation flying.

The US Air Force ordered a total of 444 T-37A aircraft, which was the first version that was built until 1959. Then Cessna switched production to the T-37B variant, with 466 aircraft being produced; this version had upgraded Continental J69 turbojet engines and improved navigation and communications equipment. The T-37C was the last Tweet, but it was never used by the USAF as it was produced only for export, with 269 trainers being sold to ten countries. This trainer would be developed into the A-37 Dragonfly, a ground-attack aircraft used in the Vietnam War.

Below, the T-37B version of Tweet in flight in the 1960s.

Technical Description

The Cessna T-37 was a two-seat, twin-engine monoplane, with a straight, cantilever, low-wing configuration. The fuselage was all-metal semi-monocoque. The cockpit had two side-by-side ejection seats, with a canopy that was blown off (jettisoned) during emergency, and oxygen equipment; however it was not pressurized, which limited the service ceiling to 25,000 feet (7,620 m).

The Tweet had wide-track, short landing gear. This feature made landing easier for the new pilots and also eliminated the need for ground stands and ladders as all areas of the engine compartment was readily accessible from ground level. The T-37B version was powered by two Continental J69-T-25 turbojet engines which were buried in wing roots. They were the license-built version of the French Turbomeca Marboré used in the Fouga Magister.

Specifications (T-37B)

Type: trainer

Length: 8.92 m (29 feet, 3 inches)

Wing Span: 10.30 m (33 feet, 9 inches)

Wing Area: 17 m2 (184 square feet)

Height: 2.68 m (8 feet, 10 inches)

Power Plant: two Continental J69-T-25 turbojet engines, each delivering 1,026-lb thrust

Maximum Speed: 685 km/h (425 mph)

Range: 972 km (600 miles)

Rate of Climb: 1,067 m/min.

Service Ceiling: 7,620 m (25,000 feet)

Crew: two

The prototype of the Tweet, the XT-37, on the tarmac of an airbase, around 1955.

Below, three T-37A aircraft. The US Army tested the first variant of the trainer in the summer of 1957 under the High Performance Army Observation Aircraft program (HPAOA). However, the Tweet would not be accepted by the Army as it would choose the Grumman OV-1 Mohawk instead.

The Tweet in flight. It was a T-37A, the second one built, No 42730. It was on its acceptance flight over the Kansas prairie.

Below, the Cessna trainer on final approach for landing. Its wide-track landing gear made landings easy for fledgling pilots.

Cessna A-37 Dragonfly

The Cessna A-37 Dragonfly was a ground-attack aircraft employed by the US Air Force during the Vietnam War. Since it was a low-cost, light combat airplane, it was used to fight guerrilla armies in low-intensity warfare in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. It was a very maneuverable and reliable aircraft due to its wide wing span and sturdy fuselage, capable of carrying and delivering a heavy bomb-load. It was exported to Latin American countries, such as Peru, Colombia, and Chile.

Most military trainers are usually developed from combat aircraft. However, the case of the A-37 Dragonfly was the other way around, for it was based on a trainer; the Cessna T-37, whose prototype, the XT-37, had made its first flight on October 12, 1954. The combat version prototype (YAT-37D), on the other hand, first flew on October 22, 1963, entering service with the US Air Force in May 1967 as the A-37 Dragonfly, which would be nicknamed the 'Super Tweet'. Having been introduced, it was immediately deployed in Vietnam, where it would fly many combat sorties, providing important fire support to ground troops during search and destroy missions. When the war in Southeast Asia ended in 1975, some were abandoned to the communist forces.

Below, the A-37B version flying over the jungle-covered terrain of Vietnam.

Technical Characteristics

The Cessna A-37 Dragonfly was a two-seat, twin-engine monoplane. It had an all-metal, semi-monocoque fuselage. It was fitted with cantilever low-wing, with straight leading edge and a trailing edge that tapered only slightly. Thus, the wing was rather rectangular in shape. Because of its low drag characteristics, the aircraft featured a hydraulically-operated speed brake located on belly of fuselage. The A-37B version was powered by two General Electric J85-17A turbojet engines, each of which could deliver 2,850 pounds of thrust. To lengthen the combat range, the aircraft was equipped with two wing-tip fuel tanks.

Both trainer and attack aircraft were equipped with two ejection seats and jettisonable canopy. It had a wide-tread landing gear and steerable nose wheel for maximum safety in landing and ground operations. The cockpit was wide and comfortable, with two, side by side seats. To withstand the rigor of combat flying at low altitudes, the A-37 was stressed for 6-G loading and, as such, was a capable dogfighter. The nose of the aircraft housed a gatling-type GAU-2 minigun.

Specifications (A-37B)

Type: two-seat ground-attack aircraft

Length: 8.62 m (28 feet, 3 inches)

Wing Span: 10.93 m (35 feet, 10 inches)

Wing Area: 17.09 m2 (184 sqaure feet)

Height: 2.70 m (8 feet, 10 inches)

Power Plant: two General Electric J85-17A turbojet engines.

Maximum Speed: 816 km/h (507 mph)

Range: 740 km (460 miles), with maximum bomb-load.

Service Ceiling: 12,730 m (41,750 feet)

Armament: one 7.62-mm, GAU-2B minugun; 2,268-kg (5,450-lb) of bombs/rockets.

Crew: two

Below, the T-37B trainer, from which the A-37 would be developed.

A Dragonfly in a combat operation drops two Mk 82 bombs on enemy positions.

Below, the Super Tweet during combat exercises in the 1970s.

Combat footage of a squadron of A-37 Dragonfly aircraft in Vietnam (video)

Below, the nose of a A-37B was opened to expose the GAU-2 minigun.

Douglas A-3 Skywarrior

The Douglas A-3 Skywarrior was an American carrier-based bomber in service with the US Navy between 1956 and 1967. Nicknamed the 'Whale', it was one of the first aircraft that dropped bombs in anger over North Vietnam in 1965 at the beginning of Operation Rolling Thunder. However, from late 1966, the Skywarrior began to adopt other roles, such as reconnaissance and intelligence gathering, which were very important during the Cold War, as well as tanker.

Designed by Ed Heinemann in 1951, the prototype, the XA3D-1 first flew on October 28, 1952. In early flight testing, it was powered by two 7,000-lb, Westinghouse turbojet engines, which would later be replaced by two Pratt & Whitney J57 turbojet machines, which generated 10,000 pounds of thrust. From 1953 to 1954, Douglas produced 50 of its first production model; the A3D-1, which would later be redesignated A-3 Skywarrior in 1962. After the carrier trials, it finally entered service with the US Navy in November 1956 aboard the USS Forrestal. A total of 282 aircraft would be built in the following versions: A-3A and A-3B in the bomber role, and EA-3A electronic reconnaissance, RA-3B photo-reconnaissance, and EA-3B electronic warfare version.

Technical Description

The Douglas A-3 Skywarrior was a twin-engine, medium-size monoplane. It had a fuselage of all-metal construction and swept shoulder-wing, whose outer panel could be folded up and was hydraulically operated. Twin speed brakes were fitted to the rear portion of fuselage. The aircraft featured a conventional tail assembly, with swept horizontal stabilizer and vertical fin, which could be folded down sideways to the right for stowage below deck. The reconnaissance version was equipped with one AN/ASB-12 radar system.

Below, the A-3B version of VAH-3 in 1960 during carrier flight operations

Specifications (A-3B/or A3D-2)

Type: strategic attack/bomber aircraft

Length: 22.8 m (74 feet, 9 inches)

Wing Span: 20 m (72 feet, 6 inches)

Wing Area: 75.43 m2 (812 square feet)

Height: 6.86 m (22 feet, 8 inches)

Power Plant: two Pratt & Whitney J57-P-10 turbojet engines, each generating 10,000-lb.

Maximum Speed: 982 km/h (610 mph)

Range: 4,000 km (2,465 miles)

Service Ceiling: 12,495 m (41,000 feet)

Armament: two backward shooting 20-mm cannons in tail turret; 12,800-lb (5,800-kg) of ordnance, which included a nuclear bomb.

Crew: 3

Below, the prototype of the 'Whale', the XA3D-1, BuNo 125412, in 1952.

The Skywarrior flying over the Atlantic. It is an A-3B version, BuNo 142236, attached to Carrier Air Wing Twenty-one.

Below, the A-3A (A3D-1) version of the bomber.

Two 'Whales' on flight deck of USS Forrestal in 1958. Notice their vertical fins and wings are folded up.

Convair F-106 Delta Dart

The Convair F-106 Delta Dart was a supersonic, interceptor aircraft in service with the US Air Force from 1959 to 1988. Although it had a great performance, it was a complex and costly machine. Developed from the F-102 Delta Dagger, its main mission was to intercept and shoot down Soviet bombers during the Cold War. Thus, it usually flew sorties in the skies over Alaska during the 1960s and 1970s. However, it never saw combat action as it did not take part in the Vietnam War or in any other armed conflict.

The F-106 Delta Dart performed its first flight on December 26, 1956, taking off from Edwards Air Force Base. It was the prototype YF-106A powered by one Pratt & Whitney J57-P-47 jet engine. The flight test phase lasted less than three years and it entered service with the US Air Force on June 18, 1959, as the F-106A. Including the two prototypes, 342 interceptor aircraft would be built, in only one combat version; the F-106A. However, a trainer variant was also produced; the F-106B. From the time it was introduced at Geiger Field, Washington, it became the backbone of North America air defense, also becoming the favorite of many pilots who flew it.

Below, head-on view of the delta-winged interceptor in 1959.

Technical Description

The Convair F-106 Delta Dart was a single-seat, single-engine, supersonic monoplane of all-metal construction. It had a delta wing configuration, with a slight anhedral angle (with the wing obliquely downwards). It was mounted on lower portion of fuselage (delta low mid-wing), right under the engine air intake. The fuselage was not cylindrical but rather triangular in shape, with a streamlined conical nose. The cockpit canopy was inverted-'V'-shaped.

The Delta Dart was equipped with a Pratt & Whitney J75-P-17 turbojet engine, which put out 17,212 pounds of thrust with afterburning. This engine also powered the Republic F-105 Thunderchief. Aside from the internal fuel tank, it usually carried a pair of underwing tanks for longer range. This aircraft featured a powerful search radar and also an infra-red search and track system.

Specifications

Type: interceptor

Length: 21.55 m (70 ft, 8 in)

Wing Span: 11.67 m (38 ft, 3 in)

Wing Area: 61.46 m2 (662 sq. ft)

Power Plant: one Pratt & Whitney J75-P-17 turbojet engine

Maximum Speed: Mach 2.25 (2,400 km/h, or 1,491 mph)

Range: 1,850 km (1,150 miles)

Service Ceiling: 17,680 m (58,600 ft)

Armament: one 20-mm M61A cannon; four AIM-4E or AIM4G Falcon air-to-air missile, plus two Genie nuclear rockets.

Below, the prototype YF-106A in 1957.

Four Delta Darts flying in diamond formation.

Below, two F-106As in flight in the 1960s.

Douglas F4D Skyray

The Douglas F4D Skyray was a carrier-borne interceptor and fighter used by the US Navy during the Cold War years. This manta-winged, jet aircraft had a fast rate of climb and an excellent performance. However, it was tricky to fly, with a high accident rate, especially during carrier operations. The main mission of this advanced combat aircraft was to guard the US Fleet against attack by Soviet bombers. Douglas built a total of 422 aircraft, which served on every fleet carrier. After a short career, it would be replaced by the F-8 Crusader.

Designed by Ed Heinemann, the Skyray prototype, the XF4D-1, first flew on the morning of January 21, 1951. The pilot was Larry Payton, and experienced test pilot, and it was powered by an Allison J35-A-17 jet engine, which produced 5,000 pounds of thrust. The flight test program, which included the deck handling phase, would be long, lasting five years as they looked for the right engine. Finally, this naval combat aircraft was introduced into service with the US Navy in August 1956 as the F4D-1, which was the first version. It would be retired eight years later, in 1964, thus, not seeing combat action in Vietnam.

Technical Description

The Douglas F4D Skyray was a single-seat, single-engine monoplane. It had an all-metal fuselage and a modified-delta mid wing. It lacked the classical tail assembly as it had no tailplane (horizontal stabilizer), only the vertical fin and rudder; the triangular elevators moved freely on both side of aft portion of fuselage, right behind the wing trailing edge. The F4D-1 variant of the aircraft was powered by one Pratt & Whitney J57-P-8A turbojet engine, which was rated at 10,205 pounds of thrust. The engine air intakes were located on each side of fuselage. The fuel was stored in fuel cells distributed in wing and fuselage mid-section.

Below, the Skyray prototype XF4D-1 in flight in 1951

Specifications

Type: carrier-based, all-weather interceptor/fighter

Length: 13.79 m (45 feet, 3 inches)

Wing Span: 10.21 m (33 feet, 6 inches)

Wing Area: 51.75 m2 (557 square feet)

Height: 3.96 m (13 feet)

Power Plant: one Pratt & Whitney J57-P-8A turbojet engine.

Maximum Speed: 1,164 km/h (722 mph)

Rate of Climb: 93 m/s (18,300 feet/minute)

Range: 1,930 km (1,200 miles)

Service Ceiling: 16,764 m (55,000 feet)

Avionics: AN/APQ-50 radar

Armament: four internal 20-mm cannons; four AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles; two 454-kg (1000-lb) bombs.

Crew: one

Below, two F4D Skyray aircraft flying over the Mediterranean in 1959.

video of Skyray operations on carrier (footage)

Below, front view of the Skyray, with wing folded.

Two F4Ds rolling out of echelon, banking right. You can see the auxiliary disposable fuel tank for longer range flight.

Below, two Skyray aircraft on flight deck of a USS carrier in the Pacific.

Douglas A-1 Skyraider

The Douglas A-1 Skyraider was a ground-attack, piston-engine aircraft used by the US Navy in the Korean and Vietnam War. It was sturdy, with a good performance, and it was able to deliver an incredible array of ordnance with pinpoint accuracy. Although the jet combat aircraft had already arrived in the theater of operations by the time the armed conflict in Southeast Asia broke out, this carrier-based attack aircraft showed the world that the old piston-engine warplanes could still be valuable and vital, specially when it came to provide fire support to ground troops.

The prototype of the Douglas A-1 Skyraider, the XBT2D-1, made its maiden flight on March 18, 1945, at the end of WW2. This aircraft, which would be nicknamed the 'Spad' by the American pilots, had been designed by the renowned engineer Edward H. Heinemann. When it was introduced into service with the US Navy in 1946, many officers thought that it would have a short career, not only because WW2 had ended but also because jet planes were already being developed. However, in the Korean War, the Spad, along with two distinguished WW2 fighters, the F4U Corsair and P-51 Mustang, would show the military leaders that piston-engine aircraft were still valuable in combat due to their maneuverability, low-level flight capacity, and ruggedness.

The Skyraider entered service on July 27, 1946, as the AD-1, which was the former official designation it had been given. In 1962, it was redesignated A-1. Until 1957, several more variants would be produced, such as the AD-2, AD-3, AD-4, AD-4E, AD-4W, and AD-7. A total of 3,180 aircraft were built between 1945 and 1957, when production ended. The AD-4W and AD-5W were early-warning Skyraiders, which were fitted with a large radome on belly of fuselage containing a powerful radar. Its strong Wright R-3350 Cyclone radial piston engine and wing area gave it the same bomb-load capacity as the B-17 Flying Fortress.

Below, old but not obsolete, still a flying terminator; an AD-7 version of the Skyraider among jet combat aircraft on the flight deck of USS Shangri-LA (CV-38). It was assigned to VA-115.

Technical Description

The Douglas A-1 Skyraider was a single-seat, single-engine monoplane of all-metal construction. It was fitted with straight, cantilever, low wing, with a slight dihedral angle. The wing leading and trailing edge tapered slightly towards the tip at angle of 12 degrees. The wing aileron was mounted on outer panel of wing, which could be folded up, while the flap was on inner panel of wing. The landing gear was a tricycle design.

The cockpit of the Spad was large and comfortable, topped by a bubble canopy, which gave the pilot excellent view. However, it had no ejector seat and pilots had to bail out manually and jump out of it, making the sign of the cross and looking up into the sky. The 388-gallon fuel tank was located right behind the cockpit next to the avionics and radio racks. The pair of large speed breakers lay on the sides of fuselage. The aircraft was powered by one Wright R-3350-26W, 18-cylinder, radial, piston engine, which delivered 3,020 horsepower.

Specifications (AD-2/A-1B)

Type: dive-bomber/ground attack aircraft

Length: 11.63 m (38 feet, 2 inches)

Wing Span: 15.24 m (50 feet)

Wing Area: 37.16 m2 (400 square feet)

Height: 4.7 m (15 feet, 5 inches)

Power Plant: one 3,020-HP, Wright R-3350-26W Cyclone, radial piston engine.

Maximum Speed: 498 km/h (309 mph)

Range: 1,448 km (900 miles)

Service Ceiling: 9,753 m (32,000 feet)

Armament: four 20-mm wing-mounted cannons; 3,600-kg (8,000-lb) of bombs on external hardpoints; or torpedoes and rocket pods.

Below, the AD-2 (A-1B) version from VA-65 Squadron taking off from flight deck of USS Valley Forge (CV-45) for a strike on targets in Korea. It remained in service with the US Navy for two decades, during which it proved to be one of the most versatile attack aircraft.

The prototype XBT2D-1 in 1945, parked on airbase tarmac.

Below, the A-1H (AD-6) version fully loaded with ordnance on all 15 external points in 1964.

An A-1H Skyraider assigned to VA-145 on the USS Intrepid (CV-11) has extended  its speed break to slow down the aircraft before touching down on flight deck.

de Havilland Sea Vixen

The de Havilland Sea Vixen (DH.110) was a carrier-borne, all-weather jet fighter used by the Royal Navy during the Cold War. Bristling with armament and equipped with a powerful radar, it was a combat aircraft to be reckoned with. When it was introduced into service in the late 1950s, it was a great step forward as it constituted the backbone of the Royal Navy's carrier force in the 1960s, together with the Blackburn Buccaneer.

Designed in 1947 in response to Naval Specifications No 40/46, the first prototype of the Sea Vixen, the DH.110 WG236, first took to the air on September 26, 1951, from Hatfield airbase. It was flown by test pilot John Cunningham. After several flight tests, it would crash the following year at Farnborough. However, the project would continue with a series of prototypes, like the WG240. Sea trials on carrier began on April 5, 1956, when the prototype XF828 landed on the deck of HMS Ark Royal. Finally, this naval aircraft would enter service with the Royal Navy in October 1959 in the FAW.Mk 1 version.

Below, three FAW.Mk 2 variants of Squadron No 899 from HMS Eagle carrier.

Technical Description

The de Havilland Sea Vixen was a two-seat, twin-engine monoplane. It had an all-metal fuselage, with a twin-boom tail layout. The tail horizontal stabilizer was set up between the twin boom fins. It featured broad swept wing, mounted in middle of fuselage. The wing leading edge angle was set at 40 degrees. The wing outer panels could be folded up for storage convenience.

The FAW.Mk 2 variant was powered by two Rolls Royce Avon RA.28 Mk-208 turbojet engine, which could put out 11,237 pounds of thrust. It was fitted with A.I.18 air interception radar mounted in the nose of aircraft. It had a single refueling probe, which projected forward from the wing leading edge. The aircraft had a hydraulically-operated arrestor hook for carrier operations.

Specifications (FAW.Mk 2)

Type: carrier-borne fighter

Length: 16.94 m (55 feet, 7 inches)

Wing Span: 15.24 m (50 feet)

Wing Area: 60.19 m2 (648 square feet)

Height: 3.28 m (10 feet, 9 inches)

Power Plant: two Rolls Royce Avon RA.28 Mk-208 turbojet engines.

Maximum Speed: 1,030 km/h (640 mph)

Range: 2,260 km (1,404 miles)

Service Ceiling: 14,630 m (48,000 feet)

Armament: four Firestreaks air-to-air infrared homing missiles; twenty eight 51-mm rockets in underfuselage microcell pack; plus two 454-kg bombs.

Crew: two

Below, the prototype WG240 in flight in 1953.

One Sea Vixen DH.110, FAW.Mk 1, No 488, flying over the Atlantic in 1964.

Below, a Sea Vixen on the deck HMS Hermes in June 1968.

The aircraft arranged on deck of HMS Eagle, with their wings folded up, in July 1967.